In 2009 researchers found an "ionization surprise" that defied explanation. Until that time, it had been commonly thought that the ionization of atoms by strong laser fields was well-understood ...

Figure 3: Classical simulations of the electron motion and ionization for Xe13 clusters after irradiation with infrared radiation and soft X-rays.

Bipolar ionization technology emits charged particles that attach to and deactivate harmful substances like bacteria, allergens, mold, and viruses.

It describes options and how to calibrate plane parallel ionization chambers, against air kerma or absorbed dose to water standards at cobalt-60 gamma ray energies. The use of these chambers to ...

Current state of the theory of Penning ionization is reviewed, in terms of the problems currently under consideration, the physical concepts underlying various recent theories, and some of the ...

The Pop III.1 theory proposes that all supermassive black holes formed in this way leading to flash ionization of all of space and ending the so-called “dark ages” of the universe.

The effects of burner flow parameters, fuel type, and fuel composition on the uniformity of relative response of a Flame Ionization Detector (FID) hydrocarbon analyzer were experimentally investigated ...