The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory is part of the U.S. Geological Survey, the science agency of the U.S. Department of Interior. Our job is to obtain and share science-based information about the ...

Scientists compare volcanic cones on Earth and Mars to explain how gas-rich magma forms scoria cones. Spacecraft observations and Earth analog sites provide evidence of similar eruptive processes.

For most of deep time, spreading ridges released more carbon than volcano chains, changing how we interpret Earth’s climate history.

Volcanic eruptions frequently interfere with human affairs; impacts range from minor nuisances to major disasters. Some 50 to 65 different volcanoes typically are active in any given year, and among ...

This chapter summarizes the principal conclusions and recommendations developed elsewhere in this report. Major conclusions are printed in italics and recommendations in bold. Basic research in the ...