There are two distinct types of uncertainty that analysts must address and communicate—uncertainty due to lack of knowledge and that due to inherent randomness (Apostolakis 1990). The clearest example ...

AI chatbot responses can be random and varied, and most of us think of that variability as problematic. Are we wrong? Randomness is something that people are not used to coping with, but we should ...

There are many things we don't know about how history unfolds. The process might be impersonal, even inevitable, as some social scientists have suggested; human societies might be doomed to decline.

Question: What is the role of provable randomness in cybersecurity? Duncan Jones, Head of Cybersecurity, Quantinuum: Provable randomness serves three critical roles in cybersecurity: It eliminates a ...