Once your examination of the left lower sternal border is completed, move up to the left upper sternal border. Pulmonic valve murmurs and patent ductus arteriosus are loudest here, and it is the best ...

The second heart sound (S2) is produced by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves. The sound produced by the closure of the aortic valve is termed A2, and the sound produced by the closure of ...

Changes in a murmur with respiration (inhalation) can help distinguish a right-sided murmur from its corresponding left-sided murmur. All right-sided murmurs increase with inspiration (Carvallo sign).