In the early digital era, logic gates were made exclusively of transistors and discrete components. The obvious occupation of a large space and increased heat dissipation pushed technology to ...

Integrated circuits (ICs) are an integral part of modern technology, and they can be found in a wide array of devices, from smartphones and computers to medical diagnostic tools. However, conventional ...

3D integrated circuits promise smaller, faster devices with lower power consumption. Vertically stacked 3D integrated circuits also enable novel in-memory and in-sensor computing paradigms and ...