The distribution of outermost shell electrons, known as valence electrons, of organic molecules was observed for the first time. As the interactions between atoms are governed by the valence electrons ...

Physicists have discovered a way to store and process data in graphene that goes beyond the simple manipulation of flow and charge of electrons. In simulation studies, they have shown that a specific ...

Excitons, a bound state of an electron and an electron hole, can form when a given material absorbs a photon above its bandgap energy. The photon excites an electron from the valence band into the ...

The hardness of a material normally is set by the strength of chemical bonds between electrons of neighboring atoms, not by freely flowing conduction electrons. Now a team of scientists has shown that ...

The field of semiconductor materials continues to expand as researchers develop and refine materials with increasingly tailored electronic and optical properties. Semiconductors are characterised by ...