In the cerebral cortex, adjacent neurons often share response properties, and clusters of neurons that share response properties are elongated vertically and form functional columns 1. In the primary ...

In the previous column, we introduced the basic building blocks of an artificial neural network (ANN): neurons computing linear combinations of inputs, followed by a nonlinear activation function 1.

The world of artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly evolving, and AI is increasingly enabling applications that were previously unattainable or very difficult to implement. A subsequent article, ...