The earliest scientists first observed the waves that earthquakes produce before they could accurately describe the nature of earthquakes or their fundamental causes, as discussed in Lessons 1–5.

Attenuation is expected when the characteristic time is comparable to the oscillation period. Figure 3a shows one cycle of a 1,000-s oscillation, where stress (derived from the strain of the reference ...

Field examples from the Western Desert of Egypt show the effectiveness of compressional-wave velocity (V p) and shear-wave velocity (V s) crossplots for identifying the type of fluid contained in a ...